Electric Circuit An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors, and diodes, connected by conductive
wires or traces through which electrical current can flow. The combination of components and wires allows various simple and complex operations to be performed: signals can be amplified, computations can be performed, and data can be moved from one place to another. Circuits can be constructed of discrete components connected by individual pieces of wire, but today it is much more common to create interconnections by photolithographic techniques on a laminated substrate -- a printed circuit board or PCB -- and solder the components to these interconnections to create a finished circuit. In an Integrated Circuit or IC, the components and interconnections are formed on the same substrate, typically a semiconductor such as silicon or (less commonly) gallium arsenide.Voltage Voltage is commonly used as a short name for electrical potential difference. The voltage between two points is the electrical driving force that would drive an electric current between those points. Specifically, voltage is equal to energy per unit charge.
Power Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt. When electric current flows in a circuit, it can transfer energy to do mechanical or thermodyna
mic work.Types of voltage sources •Mains electricity (secondary voltage) This is probably the most familiar form of AC voltage source known. Generally its output impedance is very low (for example, IEC 725:1981 uses 0.4 ohms as a typical value).
•Cell (primary voltage) The simplest form of practical DC voltage source is the common cell, which is available in numerous voltages and current ratings. More than one cell can be combined in series, parallel or a combination of both the topologies to achieve greater voltage/current ratings. Such combinations are known as batteries.
•Sources using active electronic devices (secondary voltages)
•LED Voltage source
•VBE multiplier voltage source
•Other types of practical (real world) voltage sources
There are other naturally occurring voltage sources in the world. One example is the voltage produced by the contact of two dissimilar metals.
•Potential divider (secondary volt.) This is the simplest way of producing a source of lower EMF from a source of higher EMF, and is the basic operating mechanism of the 'potentiometer' (a measuring device for accurately measuring potential differences). However to gain a low output impedance the parallel combination of the two resistors must be low. This means that to achieve a stable output voltage over a variety of loads the power wasted in the potential divider must be significantly greater than the power delivered to the load.
•Capacitor (primary volt.) A capacitor (especially a large one) can be considered a voltage source, provided a constant charge stored in the capacitor. If the capacitor is very large, current flowing out of the capacitor will not change the charge much, hence the voltage across the capacitor will remain approximately constant, similarly to a battery.
Protoboard A breadboard (protoboard) is a construction base for a one-of-a-kind electronic circuit, a prototype. In modern times the term is commonly used to refer to a particular type of breadboard, the solderless breadboard (plugboard).
Ohm´s Law In electrical circuits, Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them, provided that the temperature remains constant.
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